daylight
16-06-2012, 03:32 PM
Menurut teori Out of Africa, nenek moyang umat manusia berasal dari Africa, dan semua manusia mempunyai genetik orang kulit hitam Nigeria , tapi tidak sebaliknya.
In human genetics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetics), Haplogroup A is the lineage of all human males. Because of a mistake in phylogeny, it used to refer to a group of y-chromosome lineages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup) that were later found to be among the first to branch off from the root of the human y-chromosome phylogeny (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam), and are now referred to as "haplogroup A proper" or "haplogroup A(xBT)". No mutations define Haplogroup A, but since this nomenclature only deals with Homo sapiens sapiens (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens_sapiens), the "Y-Chromosomal Adam (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-Chromosomal_Adam)" can be considered its founder.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(Y-DNA)
Informasi di bawah ini sedikit banyak bisa menjawab teka teki munculnya variasi ras manusia.
DNA tests confirmed Ben to be the father of red-haired, blue-eyed and white-skinned Nmachi.
http://images.chron.com/photos/2009/04/09/16135539/image-custom.jpg
LILIACFIRE REPORTS
Sent by TADE MAKINDE, BANJI ALUKO AND MOSES ALAO, WITH AGENCY REPORTS,
http://bossip.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/black-parents-white-baby-2.png?w=450&h=599 (http://bossip.com/268491/nigerian-couple-stuns-genetic-experts-give-birth-to-white-baby-girl/black-parents-white-baby-2/)
The recent reports that more Nigerian parents will give birth to white babies shocked not a few people, especially trailing the recent development where Black Nigerian parents gave birth to a blonde girl.
TADE MAKINDE, BANJI ALUKO AND MOSES ALAO, WITH AGENCY REPORTS, write on why some people in Nigeria have colour expressions like Caucasians and why Nigerian parents need to worry about the reports.
NO doubt the birth of Nmachi Ihegboro, a white girl, to Benjamin and Angela, black Nigerian parents in the United Kingdom was nothing short of a miracle to many people, even Britons. But reports that more of such births with a mixed race complexion should be expected in Nigeria in the future has stunned a lot of people.
When Nmachi, meaning Beauty of God in Igbo language, was born about some weeks ago to an all-black family, many mumbled “foul play,”even as medical experts in the UK debunked that there was infidelity on the part of the mother as DNA tests confirmed Ben to be the father of red-haired, blue-eyed and white-skinned Nmachi.
Despite the DNA confirmation, it is feared that such freak births will be heard of in future, especially among the Ikales in Ondo, the Itsekiris, Ijaws and Urhobos in Delta States and other tribes along the Delta region.
Expectedly, those from this region are on the spot because they are mostly fair-skinned, almost close to white, but Professor Sykes of Oxford Universitysays that some form of mixed race ancestry would seem to be necessary for that to happen, especially in Nigeria. Professor Sykes’ recent report says that sometimes, women of mixed race can carry some eggs for white children and some eggs for black children, but even at that, the mother’s contribution would only be part of the puzzle because the father would also contribute genes.
Talking about mixed race ancestry, it’s history has long been a puzzle in many parts of the world where different races have lived side by side for many generations. Clearly, European explorers, missionaries, and colonists have been globe-trotting for hundreds of years. In New Mexico, despite some confusion, many still believe that some of the families there go way back to the earliest days of colonisation in the 16th century, unlike Nigeria where some Europeans settled in the 19th century.
Yet, some display European, Caucasian features, while others suggest much more blending of ancestry.
In all, the biology of race and the blending of genetics is much more scientifically and biologically complex than many people realise as most geneticists are convinced that there is no such thing as racial purity, as all of us came from somewhere. Europeans themselves were quite mixed, even before the Age of Exploration.
When asked what possibilities exist for a Nigerian ethnic group to have characteristics of Caucasians, Dr. Latunji C.A., a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Zoology at the University of Ibadan said: “there is a chance of mutation that is changes in genetic material, which happens naturally. So, if you look at these people from the Niger-Delta region, they have other features and characteristics that are not white, though they appear to be very light in complexion because there are some mutations that have accumulated in the family over a period of time. So, their being fair-skinned doesn’t make them white.
“
The possibility does exist as you could have accumulated mutation in the family over a period of time in such a way that you can have the expression in one or two progenitors in the family. Have you ever wondered, for example, that in a family where there had never been an albino, one suddenly comes up? It is as a result of mutation that is well-characterised in one particular gene that is mutated. In the case of some people being very light skinned, the genes that are responsible for complexion could have accumulated in the family.”
The geneticist also agreed that none of the couple needed has a Caucasian in their genealogy before they produce descendants that have utterly light complexion, but that the possibility is rare and infinitesimal.
But how did Nmachi get her white skin color despite being born by black parents? According to other geneticists, for a black African family to give birth to white children would typically suggest that there would have to be white ancestry, not just on one side, but both sides of the family, so the evolutionary idea that the darker skin colors came from man being exposed to lots of sun, and that each generation got darker and darker, has real problems. The Eskimos have fairly dark skin, yet they keep their body covered with furs most of the time. How could the sun change their skin colour?
Could we get all the skin colours from just two people, Adam and Eve?
If mankind began from just two people, then to get all the different colours that we see in people today, Adam and Eve would have had to be polka dotted! Or striped! Or checkered? Paisley? Camouflaged? No. To get all the kinds of skin colour that we see, Adam and Eve would only had to have the right assortment of genes.
Genes are small parts of cells that are the pattern for what one looks like. All genes come from our parents. You will have light or dark skin depending on what kind of genes your parents have
Red and yellow, black, white and brown; to get all these skin colours, it would seem that there must be red, yellow, brown, black and white colourings or pigments in the skin, but the truth is there is only one skin colour: a brown pigment called melanin. We basically all have the same skin colour, just different amounts of melanin. Albinos have no melanin, so they have very white skin.
A little melanin leaves you with white skin while you have very black skin because your skin makes a lot of melanin. Brown skin comes from all the variations you can get between white and black. No matter the colour, it all comes from melanin.
So, on the scary report that more Nigerians are likely to give birth to children with Caucasian features, Dr. Latunji says they are still in the realm of speculations. “When you are dealing with a single gene inheritance in man, it is possible that mutation may occur by chance whereby one of the children may have an expression that is different from the rest of the family. But when you are dealing with multiple gene inheritance, there must be mutation in several genes at the same time in order to produce features that will be nearly right towards a particular complexion, the chances of that happening is slim and almost impossible. You can have occasional mutation in the colour of the eyes, hair and other places, as is the case with Nmachi, blond hair, blue eyes etc.
He cited the example of President Obama of the United States, whom he described as having expresses mutation in some of the genes which has led to his having curly hair, and a colour that tilts towards Caucasian and that he also possesses the features of Kenyans.“Therefore, it cannot be rightly said that those people in along the Niger-Delta region are tilting towards being white, they can only be described as having certain features which occurred as a result of mutated genes.” Dr. Latunji said.
Duke Esigie, an Edo hotelier ,was however, not surprised about the birth of a white girl to an all-black family, he believes either Benjamin or Angela, or both, are Itsekiris. “My late father told us of several freak births back then, but because we were young, it didn’t mean anything to us then.
“He told us of families who had served the colonial masters for decades and had sexual affairs with their white masters and mistresses back then. He said most of the black people after a long period of time, started giving birth to children who were noted to have changed from black to fair then. Now, some of their descendants are almost white.
“When people began to notice the skin change in the early 40s, indigenes started to avoid them. They were treated like lepers, my dad said. Till now, the successful ones in that family have not stepped their foot in Delta.”
Corroborating this assertion, Mrs. Fabiyi Anna, an Itsekiri in her late 80s in Egbeda, Lagos, said “we thought those who gradually turned white toned their skin then, but tales had it that the white men and women had sexual relations with black men and women too.
“I don’t know anything about DNA or science in my days, you were a freak if you were born with any colour than black. The ladies mostly faced a lot of rejection then, lots of them travelled abroad because of the stigma,” she said.
Though researches are still on, as no final conclusion has been made, Professor Sykes claims that in mixed-race humans, the lighter variant of skin tone may come out in a child - and this can sometimes be startlingly different to the skin of the parents. He explained that the possibility is common in the Carribbean, where interracial mixing is common, but not in a country like Nigeria where there is little mixing.
He said that both parents would need some form of white ancestry for a pale version of their genes to be passed on. He insists that such an outcome is due to some form of genetic mutation.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NIgerianWorldForum/message/59591 (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NIgerianWorldForum/message/59591)
http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/3060907/Black-parents-give-birth-to-white-baby.html
In human genetics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetics), Haplogroup A is the lineage of all human males. Because of a mistake in phylogeny, it used to refer to a group of y-chromosome lineages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup) that were later found to be among the first to branch off from the root of the human y-chromosome phylogeny (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam), and are now referred to as "haplogroup A proper" or "haplogroup A(xBT)". No mutations define Haplogroup A, but since this nomenclature only deals with Homo sapiens sapiens (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens_sapiens), the "Y-Chromosomal Adam (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-Chromosomal_Adam)" can be considered its founder.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(Y-DNA)
Informasi di bawah ini sedikit banyak bisa menjawab teka teki munculnya variasi ras manusia.
DNA tests confirmed Ben to be the father of red-haired, blue-eyed and white-skinned Nmachi.
http://images.chron.com/photos/2009/04/09/16135539/image-custom.jpg
LILIACFIRE REPORTS
Sent by TADE MAKINDE, BANJI ALUKO AND MOSES ALAO, WITH AGENCY REPORTS,
http://bossip.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/black-parents-white-baby-2.png?w=450&h=599 (http://bossip.com/268491/nigerian-couple-stuns-genetic-experts-give-birth-to-white-baby-girl/black-parents-white-baby-2/)
The recent reports that more Nigerian parents will give birth to white babies shocked not a few people, especially trailing the recent development where Black Nigerian parents gave birth to a blonde girl.
TADE MAKINDE, BANJI ALUKO AND MOSES ALAO, WITH AGENCY REPORTS, write on why some people in Nigeria have colour expressions like Caucasians and why Nigerian parents need to worry about the reports.
NO doubt the birth of Nmachi Ihegboro, a white girl, to Benjamin and Angela, black Nigerian parents in the United Kingdom was nothing short of a miracle to many people, even Britons. But reports that more of such births with a mixed race complexion should be expected in Nigeria in the future has stunned a lot of people.
When Nmachi, meaning Beauty of God in Igbo language, was born about some weeks ago to an all-black family, many mumbled “foul play,”even as medical experts in the UK debunked that there was infidelity on the part of the mother as DNA tests confirmed Ben to be the father of red-haired, blue-eyed and white-skinned Nmachi.
Despite the DNA confirmation, it is feared that such freak births will be heard of in future, especially among the Ikales in Ondo, the Itsekiris, Ijaws and Urhobos in Delta States and other tribes along the Delta region.
Expectedly, those from this region are on the spot because they are mostly fair-skinned, almost close to white, but Professor Sykes of Oxford Universitysays that some form of mixed race ancestry would seem to be necessary for that to happen, especially in Nigeria. Professor Sykes’ recent report says that sometimes, women of mixed race can carry some eggs for white children and some eggs for black children, but even at that, the mother’s contribution would only be part of the puzzle because the father would also contribute genes.
Talking about mixed race ancestry, it’s history has long been a puzzle in many parts of the world where different races have lived side by side for many generations. Clearly, European explorers, missionaries, and colonists have been globe-trotting for hundreds of years. In New Mexico, despite some confusion, many still believe that some of the families there go way back to the earliest days of colonisation in the 16th century, unlike Nigeria where some Europeans settled in the 19th century.
Yet, some display European, Caucasian features, while others suggest much more blending of ancestry.
In all, the biology of race and the blending of genetics is much more scientifically and biologically complex than many people realise as most geneticists are convinced that there is no such thing as racial purity, as all of us came from somewhere. Europeans themselves were quite mixed, even before the Age of Exploration.
When asked what possibilities exist for a Nigerian ethnic group to have characteristics of Caucasians, Dr. Latunji C.A., a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Zoology at the University of Ibadan said: “there is a chance of mutation that is changes in genetic material, which happens naturally. So, if you look at these people from the Niger-Delta region, they have other features and characteristics that are not white, though they appear to be very light in complexion because there are some mutations that have accumulated in the family over a period of time. So, their being fair-skinned doesn’t make them white.
“
The possibility does exist as you could have accumulated mutation in the family over a period of time in such a way that you can have the expression in one or two progenitors in the family. Have you ever wondered, for example, that in a family where there had never been an albino, one suddenly comes up? It is as a result of mutation that is well-characterised in one particular gene that is mutated. In the case of some people being very light skinned, the genes that are responsible for complexion could have accumulated in the family.”
The geneticist also agreed that none of the couple needed has a Caucasian in their genealogy before they produce descendants that have utterly light complexion, but that the possibility is rare and infinitesimal.
But how did Nmachi get her white skin color despite being born by black parents? According to other geneticists, for a black African family to give birth to white children would typically suggest that there would have to be white ancestry, not just on one side, but both sides of the family, so the evolutionary idea that the darker skin colors came from man being exposed to lots of sun, and that each generation got darker and darker, has real problems. The Eskimos have fairly dark skin, yet they keep their body covered with furs most of the time. How could the sun change their skin colour?
Could we get all the skin colours from just two people, Adam and Eve?
If mankind began from just two people, then to get all the different colours that we see in people today, Adam and Eve would have had to be polka dotted! Or striped! Or checkered? Paisley? Camouflaged? No. To get all the kinds of skin colour that we see, Adam and Eve would only had to have the right assortment of genes.
Genes are small parts of cells that are the pattern for what one looks like. All genes come from our parents. You will have light or dark skin depending on what kind of genes your parents have
Red and yellow, black, white and brown; to get all these skin colours, it would seem that there must be red, yellow, brown, black and white colourings or pigments in the skin, but the truth is there is only one skin colour: a brown pigment called melanin. We basically all have the same skin colour, just different amounts of melanin. Albinos have no melanin, so they have very white skin.
A little melanin leaves you with white skin while you have very black skin because your skin makes a lot of melanin. Brown skin comes from all the variations you can get between white and black. No matter the colour, it all comes from melanin.
So, on the scary report that more Nigerians are likely to give birth to children with Caucasian features, Dr. Latunji says they are still in the realm of speculations. “When you are dealing with a single gene inheritance in man, it is possible that mutation may occur by chance whereby one of the children may have an expression that is different from the rest of the family. But when you are dealing with multiple gene inheritance, there must be mutation in several genes at the same time in order to produce features that will be nearly right towards a particular complexion, the chances of that happening is slim and almost impossible. You can have occasional mutation in the colour of the eyes, hair and other places, as is the case with Nmachi, blond hair, blue eyes etc.
He cited the example of President Obama of the United States, whom he described as having expresses mutation in some of the genes which has led to his having curly hair, and a colour that tilts towards Caucasian and that he also possesses the features of Kenyans.“Therefore, it cannot be rightly said that those people in along the Niger-Delta region are tilting towards being white, they can only be described as having certain features which occurred as a result of mutated genes.” Dr. Latunji said.
Duke Esigie, an Edo hotelier ,was however, not surprised about the birth of a white girl to an all-black family, he believes either Benjamin or Angela, or both, are Itsekiris. “My late father told us of several freak births back then, but because we were young, it didn’t mean anything to us then.
“He told us of families who had served the colonial masters for decades and had sexual affairs with their white masters and mistresses back then. He said most of the black people after a long period of time, started giving birth to children who were noted to have changed from black to fair then. Now, some of their descendants are almost white.
“When people began to notice the skin change in the early 40s, indigenes started to avoid them. They were treated like lepers, my dad said. Till now, the successful ones in that family have not stepped their foot in Delta.”
Corroborating this assertion, Mrs. Fabiyi Anna, an Itsekiri in her late 80s in Egbeda, Lagos, said “we thought those who gradually turned white toned their skin then, but tales had it that the white men and women had sexual relations with black men and women too.
“I don’t know anything about DNA or science in my days, you were a freak if you were born with any colour than black. The ladies mostly faced a lot of rejection then, lots of them travelled abroad because of the stigma,” she said.
Though researches are still on, as no final conclusion has been made, Professor Sykes claims that in mixed-race humans, the lighter variant of skin tone may come out in a child - and this can sometimes be startlingly different to the skin of the parents. He explained that the possibility is common in the Carribbean, where interracial mixing is common, but not in a country like Nigeria where there is little mixing.
He said that both parents would need some form of white ancestry for a pale version of their genes to be passed on. He insists that such an outcome is due to some form of genetic mutation.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NIgerianWorldForum/message/59591 (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NIgerianWorldForum/message/59591)
http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/3060907/Black-parents-give-birth-to-white-baby.html